Chapter · 12
DGCA CPL / ATPL Study Notes

Visual Aids for
Navigation

Aerodrome Standards & Licensing

Primary Reference: ICAO Annex 14 (Aerodromes)
Supporting Docs: ICAO Doc 9981 (PANS-Aerodromes)
Indian Regulation: CAR Section-4, Series 'B', Part I — Issue II
Effective: 01 January 2021  |  Authority: DGCA India

PART A
Indicators & Signalling
PART B
Runway Markings
PART C
Taxiway Markings
PART D
Approach Lighting
PART E
Runway Lighting
PART F
Taxiway Lighting & Signs
PART G
PAPI / APAPI Systems
PART H
Obstacle Marking & MCQs
✈ Capt. Pankaj Pahil
Chapter 11 — Visual Aids for Navigation

Visual Aids for Navigation

ICAO ANNEX 14 DOC 9981 PANS-AERODROMES CAR SECTION-4 SERIES B PART I ISSUE II EFFECTIVE 01/01/2021
🧭

Part A — Indicators & Signalling Devices

PART A

Wind Direction Indicator (WDI)

📘 Application — Mandatory

An aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator.

Location

A WDI shall be located so as to be:

Characteristics
💡 Recommendation

Provision should be made for illuminating at least one wind indicator at an aerodrome intended for use at night.

Landing Direction Indicator (LDI)

Location

Where provided, a landing direction indicator shall be located in a conspicuous place on the aerodrome.

Characteristics
💡 Recommendation

The landing direction indicator should be in the form of a "T" (Tee shape).

Signaling Lamp

⛔ Mandatory Rule

A signaling lamp shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome in the aerodrome control tower.

Characteristics
💡 Recommendation

A signaling lamp should be capable of producing red, green, and white signals.

Signal Panels & Signal Area

Location of Signal Area
💡 Recommendation

The signal area should be located so as to be visible from all angles of azimuth above an angle of 10° above the horizontal when viewed from a height of 300 m.

Characteristics of Signal Area
⛔ DGCA Rule
💡 Recommendations
🎨

Part B — Runway Markings

PART B

General — Marking Colours & Conspicuity

⛔ Colour Rules — Mandatory
Runway — White
Taxiway / Stand — Yellow
Apron Safety (India) — Red
📝 Notes on Runway Markings
  1. On light-coloured runway surfaces, white markings may be improved by outlining them in black.
  2. It is preferable to use paints with reduced friction variation to minimise uneven friction characteristics.
  3. Markings may consist of solid areas or longitudinal stripes providing an equivalent effect.
💡 Recommendation — Night Operations

At aerodromes where operations take place at night, pavement markings should be made with reflective materials to enhance visibility.

Interruption of Runway Markings at Intersections

⛔ Rule — Intersection Priority

At an intersection of two or more runways, the markings of the more important runway shall be displayed and those of the other runway(s) interrupted. Runway side stripe markings may be continued or interrupted.

💡 Order of Importance at Intersections
  1. 1st: Precision approach runway
  2. 2nd: Non-precision approach runway
  3. 3rd: Non-instrument runway
ℹ️ Runway × Taxiway Intersections

At a runway–taxiway intersection: runway markings shall be displayed; taxiway markings interrupted (runway side stripe markings may be interrupted).

Runway Designation Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

A runway designation marking shall be provided at the thresholds of a paved runway.

💡 Recommendation

A runway designation marking should be provided, so far as practicable, at the thresholds of an unpaved runway.

Location

The runway designation marking shall be located at a threshold, as per the appropriate figure.

📝 Note

If the runway threshold is displaced from the extremity of the runway, a sign showing the designation may be provided for aeroplanes taking off.

Characteristics — Designation Numbers & Letters
📘 How Runway Numbers are Assigned
Number of Parallel RunwaysLetters Used (L to R when viewed on approach)
2 parallelL, R
3 parallelL, C, R
4 parallelL, R, L, R
5 parallelL, C, R, L, R  or  L, R, L, C, R
6 parallelL, C, R, L, C, R

Runway Centre Line Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

A runway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved runway.

Location

Located along the centre line of the runway between the runway designation markings, except when interrupted at the intersection of two or more runways.

Characteristics — Stripe & Gap Dimensions
Parameter Specification
Length of stripe + gapNot less than 50 m, not more than 75 m
Length of each stripeAt least equal to the gap or 30 m, whichever is greater
Width — CAT II & III precision approach runways≥ 0.90 m
Width — Non-precision approach (code 3 or 4) & CAT I≥ 0.45 m
Width — Non-precision approach (code 1 or 2) & Non-instrument≥ 0.30 m

Threshold Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory Conditions

A threshold marking shall be provided at the threshold of:

💡 Recommendations
  1. Should be provided at non-instrument runway (code 3 or 4) for other than international commercial air transport.
  2. Should be provided, so far as practicable, at the thresholds of an unpaved runway.
Location
⛔ Critical Value

Stripes of the threshold marking shall commence 6 m from the threshold.

Characteristics — Number of Stripes vs. Runway Width
Runway WidthNumber of Stripes (each side of centre line)
18 m4
23 m6
30 m8
45 m12
60 m16

Exception: On non-precision approach and non-instrument runways ≥ 45 m wide, the optional pattern (Fig. 1C) may be used.

Transverse Stripe

💡 Recommendation

Where a threshold is displaced from the extremity of the runway, or where the extremity is not square with the runway centre line, a transverse stripe should be added to the threshold marking.

⛔ Rule

A transverse stripe shall be not less than 1.80 m wide.

Displaced Threshold — Arrows

⛔ Mandatory Rules for Displaced Thresholds

Aiming Point Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

An aiming point marking shall be provided at each approach end of a paved instrument runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.

💡 Recommendations — Provide also at:
Location — Distance from Threshold
⛔ Table 1 — Aiming Point Marking: Location & Dimensions
Parameter LDA < 800 m 800–1200 m (excl.) 1200–2400 m (excl.) ≥ 2400 m
Distance: Threshold → start of marking150 m250 m300 m400 m
Length of stripe*30–45 m30–45 m45–60 m45–60 m
Width of stripe4 m6 m6–10 m**6–10 m**
Lateral spacing (inner sides)6 m***9 m***18–22.5 m18–22.5 m

*Length shall be at least that of the gap. **Width shall be at least that of TDZ barrettes. ***Or the width of the runway if less.

📝 Special Rule — Visual Approach Slope Indicator

On a runway equipped with a VASIS/PAPI, the beginning of the aiming point marking shall be coincident with the visual approach slope origin.

Touchdown Zone (TDZ) Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

A TDZ marking shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved precision approach runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.

💡 Recommendation

Should also be provided on a paved non-precision approach or non-instrument runway (code 3 or 4) where additional conspicuity is desirable.

Number of TDZ Marking Pairs vs. LDA / Distance Between Thresholds
Landing Distance Available (or Distance Between Thresholds) Pairs of Markings
Less than 900 m1
900 m up to but not including 1 200 m2
1 200 m up to but not including 1 500 m3
1 500 m up to but not including 2 400 m4
2 400 m or more6
Characteristics

A TDZ marking consists of pairs of rectangular markings symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line. Where marking is displayed at both approach directions, the number is based on the distance between thresholds.

Runway Side Stripe Marking

⛔ Application

Shall be provided between the thresholds of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or surrounding terrain.

💡 Recommendation

Should be provided on a precision approach runway irrespective of contrast.

🟡

Part C — Taxiway Markings

PART C

Taxiway Centre Line Marking

⛔ Mandatory Application — Code 3 or 4

Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron where the code number is 3 or 4, providing continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands.

💡 Recommendation — Code 1 or 2

Should be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron where the code number is 1 or 2 for continuous guidance.

⛔ Mandatory — On Runways as Part of Taxi-Route

Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved runway when the runway is part of a standard taxi-route and:

Characteristics
⛔ Width Requirement

A taxiway centre line marking shall be at least 15 cm in width and continuous in length except where it intersects with a runway-holding position marking or intermediate holding position marking.

Enhanced Taxiway Centre Line Marking
💡 Recommendations — Enhanced Marking
  1. Where it is necessary to denote proximity of a runway-holding position, enhanced taxiway centre line marking should be provided. It shall extend from the runway-holding position Pattern A to a distance of up to 47 m in the direction of travel away from the runway.
  2. On a straight section of taxiway, the marking should be located along the taxiway centre line. On a curve, it should continue from the straight portion at a constant distance from the outside edge of the curve.
  3. At an intersection of a taxiway with a runway where the taxiway serves as an exit from the runway, the taxiway centre line marking should be curved into the runway centre line marking.

Isolated Aircraft Parking Position

⛔ Mandatory Rule

An isolated aircraft parking position shall be designated, or the aerodrome control tower shall be advised of an area or areas suitable for parking of an aircraft which is known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference, or which for other reasons needs isolation from normal aerodrome activities.

💡 Recommendation

The isolated parking position should be located at the maximum distance practicable and in any case never less than 100 m from other parking positions, buildings or public areas. Care should be taken to ensure no underground utilities (gas, aviation fuel, electrical, communication cables) are beneath.

Runway-Holding Position Marking

⛔ Mandatory Rule

A runway-holding position marking shall be displayed along a runway-holding position.

Characteristics — Pattern A and Pattern B
📘 Pattern Selection Rules
⛔ Critical 2026 Update — Pattern Dimensions
📝 Pattern Specifications Summary
PatternLinesSpacesWidth EachSpace Width
A14 lines3 spaces0.15 m each0.15 m
A2 ✓ (post-2026)4 lines3 spaces0.3 m each0.3 m
B12 lines at 0.3 m each1 space0.3 m0.6 m
B2 ✓ (post-2026)2 lines at 0.3 m each1 space0.3 m1.5 m

Intermediate Holding Position (IHP) Marking

💡 Recommendations — Application & Location
  1. An IHP marking should be displayed along an intermediate holding position.
  2. Should be displayed at the exit boundary of a remote de-icing/anti-icing facility adjoining a taxiway.

VOR Aerodrome Checkpoint Marking

⛔ Characteristics — Mandatory

A VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking shall consist of:

💡 Recommendations
  1. When aircraft alignment in a specific direction is preferred, a direction line should be provided — passing through the centre of the circle, extending 6 m outside the circle in the desired heading direction, terminating in an arrowhead. Line width: 15 cm.
  2. The marking should preferably be white, differing from taxiway marking colour.

Aircraft Stand Markings

💡 Recommendations

Apron Safety Lines

⛔ Location — Mandatory

Apron safety lines shall be located so as to define the areas intended for use by ground vehicles and other aircraft servicing equipment to provide safe separation from aircraft.

🇮🇳 India Specific

Apron safety lines shall be of red colour in India (contrasting with aircraft stand markings which are yellow).

💡 Recommendations

Roadholding Position Marking

⛔ Mandatory Rules

Mandatory Instruction Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

Where it is impracticable to install a mandatory instruction sign, a mandatory instruction marking shall be provided on the surface of the pavement.

💡 Recommendation — When to Supplement

Where operationally required, such as on taxiways exceeding 60 m in width, a mandatory instruction sign should be supplemented by a mandatory instruction marking.

Location
⛔ Rules
💡 Recommendation

A mandatory instruction marking should not be located on a runway (except where operationally required).

Characteristics
⛔ Appearance Rules
💡 Recommendations
  1. Character height should be 4 m
  2. Background should be rectangular and extend a maximum of 0.5 m laterally and vertically beyond the extremities of the inscription

Information Marking

⛔ Application — Mandatory

Where an information sign would normally be installed and it is physically impossible to install a sign, an information marking shall be displayed on the surface of the pavement.

💡 Recommendation on Location

The information marking should be displayed across the surface of the taxiway or apron where necessary, and positioned so as to be legible from the cockpit of an approaching aircraft.

Characteristics
📘 Information Marking Colours
💡

Part D — Lights: General & Beacons

PART D

Laser Emissions — Endanger Safety of Aircraft

⚠️ Laser Protected Zones

To protect aircraft safety against hazardous effects of laser emitters, the following protected zones should be established around aerodromes:

Non-Aeronautical Lights Near Aerodrome

⛔ Safety Rule

A non-aeronautical ground light near an aerodrome which might endanger the safety of aircraft shall be extinguished, screened or otherwise modified to eliminate the source of danger.

💡 Lights Which May Cause Confusion — Zones of Attention

Particular attention should be directed to non-aeronautical ground lights visible from the air within these areas:

Emergency Lighting

💡 Recommendation — Application

At an aerodrome provided with runway lighting and without a secondary power supply, sufficient emergency lights should be conveniently available for installation on at least the primary runway in the event of failure of the normal lighting system.

Note: Emergency lighting may also be useful to mark obstacles or delineate taxiways and apron areas.

💡 Location

When installed on a runway, the emergency lights should, as a minimum, conform to the configuration required for a non-instrument runway.

Aerodrome Beacon

⛔ Application — When Required (Night Operations)

An aerodrome beacon shall be provided at an aerodrome intended for use at night if one or more of the following conditions exist:

⛔ Location

The aerodrome beacon shall be located on or adjacent to the aerodrome in an area of low ambient background lighting.

💡 Location Recommendation

The beacon should not be shielded by objects in significant directions and should not dazzle a pilot approaching to land.

Characteristics — Flash Colours & Frequency
⛔ Mandatory Specifications

Identification Beacon

⛔ Characteristics
🛬

Part E — Approach Lighting Systems

PART E

Application — When to Provide Approach Lighting

📘 Approach Lighting Requirements by Runway Type
Runway TypeRequirementSystem Type
Non-instrument runway (code 3/4, night, not good visibility) RECOMMENDATION Simple Approach Lighting System
Non-precision approach runway MANDATORY (where physically practicable) Simple Approach Lighting System
Precision approach runway CAT I MANDATORY (where physically practicable) CAT I Lighting System
Precision approach runway CAT II & III MANDATORY CAT II & III Lighting System

Simple Approach Lighting System (SALS)

Location & Configuration
⛔ Key Dimensions
⛔ ILS/MLS Antenna — Obstacle Rule

No object other than an ILS or MLS azimuth antenna shall protrude through the plane of the approach lights within a distance of 60 m from the centre line. Any protruding antenna shall be treated as an obstacle and marked/lighted accordingly.

Characteristics
📘 Light Type

Precision Approach CAT I Lighting System

Location & Configuration
⛔ Key Dimensions — CAT I
⚠️ Operational Limitation Note

Installation of an approach lighting system of less than 900 m in length may result in operational limitations on the use of the runway.

Characteristics — CAT I
📘 Light Type & Configuration

Precision Approach CAT II & III Lighting System

Location & Configuration
⛔ Key Dimensions — CAT II & III
Characteristics — CAT II & III
📘 Centre Line & Side Row Specifications
🔴⚪

Part F — Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems (PAPI & APAPI)

PART F

When VASIS Must Be Provided

⛔ Application — VASIS Required When:
⛔ Standard Systems

The standard visual approach slope indicator systems shall consist of PAPI and APAPI systems.

PAPI — Precision Approach Path Indicator

📘 Description

Note: Where a runway is used by aircraft requiring visual roll guidance not provided by other external means, a second wing bar may be provided on the opposite side.

PAPI — What the Pilot Sees
W W W W
TOO HIGH
R W W W
SLIGHTLY HIGH
R R W W
ON GLIDE PATH ✓
R R R W
SLIGHTLY LOW
R R R R
TOO LOW ⚠️

Light order above: unit nearest runway (leftmost) to unit farthest from runway (rightmost)

⛔ PAPI — Formal Rules

APAPI — Abbreviated Precision Approach Path Indicator

📘 Description

Note: Second wing bar on opposite side may be provided if visual roll guidance is required.

⛔ APAPI — What the Pilot Sees
📝 Light Unit Characteristics

The PAPI and APAPI systems shall be suitable for both day and night operations.

🛤️

Part G — Runway Lighting

PART G

Circling Guidance Lights

⛔ Rules

Runway Lead-in Lighting System

💡 Recommendation

Should be provided where it is desired to provide visual guidance along a specific approach path (e.g., avoiding hazardous terrain, noise abatement).

Runway Threshold Identification Lights (RTIL)

💡 Recommendation — Install When:
⛔ Location & Characteristics

Runway Edge Lights

⛔ Application — Mandatory
💡 Recommendation

Should be provided on a runway intended for takeoff with an operating minimum below an RVR of the order of 800 m by day.

Location
⛔ Positioning Rules
💡 Where Runway Width > 60 m

The distance between the rows of lights should be determined taking into account the nature of the operations, the light distribution characteristics, and other visual aids serving the runway.

Characteristics — Colours
⛔ Runway Edge Light Colours

Fixed lights showing variable white, EXCEPT:

Variable White (Normal)
Red (Displaced threshold — approach dir.)
Yellow (Last 600 m or 1/3 — takeoff end)

Runway Threshold & Wing Bar Lights

Application of Threshold Lights
⛔ Mandatory

Runway threshold lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway edge lights, except on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and wing bar lights are provided.

Location of Threshold Lights
⛔ Rules
Wing Bar Lights
💡 Recommendation — Wing Bar Lights

Should be provided on a precision approach runway when additional conspicuity is desirable. Shall be provided on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and runway threshold lights are required but are not provided.

⛔ Wing Bar Lights — Location
Characteristics — Threshold & Wing Bar Lights
⛔ Colour

Fixed unidirectional lights showing green in the direction of approach to the runway.

Runway End Lights

⛔ Application & Location
💡 Number — Recommendation

At least six lights, either equally spaced between the rows of runway edge lights, or symmetrically disposed in two groups with a gap of not more than half the distance between edge light rows.

For CAT III runway: Spacing between runway end lights, except between two innermost lights if a gap is used, should not exceed 6 m.

Characteristics
⛔ Colour

Fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway.

Runway Centre Line Lights

⛔ Application — Mandatory
💡 Recommendations — Provide Also On:
Location
⛔ Spacing & Offset Rules
Characteristics — Runway Centre Line Light Colours
⛔ Colour Coding — Critical for Exam!
SectionColour
From threshold to point 900 m from the runway end
Variable White
From 900 m to 300 m from the runway end
Alternate Red & Variable White
Last 300 m to runway end
Red
Exception: For runways less than 1800 m in length, the alternate red and variable white lights shall extend from the midpoint of the runway usable for landing to 300 m from the runway end.
Threshold 900 m from end 300 m from end END Variable WHITE Alt R/W RED
Fig. — Runway Centre Line Light Colour Coding (Colour zones for a runway of 1800 m or more)

Runway Touchdown Zone (TDZ) Lights

⛔ Application

Shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway category II or III.

Location
⛔ Extent & Pattern
Characteristics
⛔ Key Technical Specs
💡 Barrette Length Recommendation

A barrette should be not less than 3 m nor more than 4.5 m in length.

Simple Touchdown Zone Lights (STZL)

📘 Purpose

Provides pilots with enhanced situational awareness in all visibility conditions and helps enable pilots to decide whether to commence a go-around if the aircraft has not landed by a certain point on the runway.

⛔ When STZL Should Be Provided

Except where TDZ lights are provided at an aerodrome where:

Simple TDZ Lights should be provided — a pair of fixed unidirectional lights showing variable white, located on each side of the runway centreline, visible to the pilot in the direction of approach.

Stopway Lights

⛔ Application, Location & Characteristics
🚦

Part H — Taxiway Lighting & Aerodrome Signs

PART H

Taxiway Centre Line Lights

⛔ Application — Mandatory

Taxiway centre line lights shall be provided on an exit taxiway, taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron intended for use in runway visual range conditions less than 350 m to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands, except that these lights need not be provided where:

💡 Recommendations
Characteristics — Exit Taxiway vs. Regular Taxiway
⛔ Taxiway CL Lights Colour Rules
Location — Taxiway CL Lights on Taxiways
💡 Spacing Recommendations

Taxiway Edge Lights

⛔ Application
💡 Location — Spacing
⛔ Colour

Taxiway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing blue.

Taxiway CL — Green (or Green/Yellow on exit)
Taxiway Edge — Blue
Runway Edge — Variable White
Threshold / Wing Bar — Green
Runway End / Stopway — Red
🪧

Part I — Aerodrome Signs

PART I

General Rules for Aerodrome Signs

⛔ General Rules — All Signs

Mandatory Instruction Signs

⛔ Application

A mandatory instruction sign shall be provided to identify a location beyond which an aircraft taxiing or vehicle shall not proceed unless authorized by the aerodrome control tower.

📘 Types of Mandatory Instruction Signs

A NO ENTRY sign shall be provided when entry into an area is prohibited.

⛔ Appearance — Mandatory Instruction Signs
🚧

Part J — Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles

PART J

Objects to be Marked and/or Lighted

⛔ Mandatory Marking & Lighting Requirements
Marking of Objects
⛔ Colour & Pattern Rules
⛔ Marking vs. Lighting Trade-off

Obstacles should be both marked and lighted, except that the marking may be omitted when high-intensity obstacle lights by day light the obstacle.

⚡

Quick Reference — Key Values & Memory Aids

EXAM PREP
420 m
minimum
Simple Approach
Lighting System Length
900 m
minimum
CAT I / CAT II & III
Approach Lighting Length
300 m
from threshold
Crossbar location
(SALS & CAT I)
9 m²
minimum
Signal Area Size
6 m
from threshold
Threshold Marking
Stripe Commencement
100 m
minimum
Isolated Parking
from Other Positions
47 m
max
Enhanced Taxiway CL
Marking Extension
6 m ⌀
diameter
VOR Aerodrome
Checkpoint Circle
900 m
extent
TDZ Lights extend
from threshold
15 m
spacing
Runway CL Light
longitudinal spacing
20–30
flashes/min
Aerodrome Beacon
Flash Frequency
60–120
flashes/min
RTIL Flash
Frequency
📝

Practice MCQs — Chapter 11

50+ QUESTIONS
🎓 Multiple Choice Questions — Visual Aids for Navigation

All questions are based directly on the DGCA regulations in this chapter. Correct answers are indicated in green.

Q1. An aerodrome is obligated to have at least how many wind direction indicators?

  • A One CORRECT
  • B Two
  • C As many as required by size

Q2. At which aerodrome is a signaling lamp mandatory?

  • A All aerodromes
  • B Controlled aerodrome (in the control tower) CORRECT
  • C Only international aerodromes

Q3. What is the minimum size of the signal area?

  • A 6 m square
  • B 9 m square CORRECT
  • C 12 m square

Q4. What colour are runway markings?

  • A White CORRECT
  • B Yellow
  • C Orange

Q5. What colour are taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings, and aircraft stand markings?

  • A White
  • B Yellow CORRECT
  • C Blue

Q6. In India, apron safety lines shall be of which colour?

  • A Yellow
  • B White
  • C Red CORRECT

Q7. At an intersection of two runways, which runway's markings take priority?

  • A Whichever runway is longer
  • B The more important runway (precision approach > non-precision > non-instrument) CORRECT
  • C The runway with the higher code number

Q8. Where shall runway designation markings be located?

  • A At the threshold of a paved runway CORRECT
  • B At the mid-point of the runway
  • C At both the threshold and the runway end

Q9. In the case of parallel runways, each runway designation number shall be supplemented by a letter. For two parallel runways, the letters used are:

  • A L and R CORRECT
  • B L, C, R
  • C 1 and 2

Q10. The length of a stripe plus a gap in a runway centre line marking shall be:

  • A Not less than 30 m or more than 50 m
  • B Not less than 50 m or more than 75 m CORRECT
  • C Not less than 60 m or more than 90 m

Q11. The minimum width of a runway centre line stripe on a CAT II & III precision approach runway is:

  • A 0.45 m
  • B 0.30 m
  • C 0.90 m CORRECT

Q12. The stripes of the threshold marking shall commence how far from the threshold?

  • A 3 m
  • B 6 m CORRECT
  • C 9 m

Q13. How many threshold marking stripes are required for a runway of width 45 m?

  • A 8
  • B 10
  • C 12 CORRECT

Q14. An aiming point marking is mandatory on which of the following?

  • A Non-instrument runway with code number 1 or 2
  • B Paved instrument runway where code number is 2, 3 or 4 CORRECT
  • C All paved runways regardless of code

Q15. For an LDA of 1200 m up to but not including 2400 m, what is the distance from threshold to the beginning of the aiming point marking?

  • A 250 m
  • B 300 m CORRECT
  • C 400 m

Q16. A touchdown zone marking shall be provided on a paved precision approach runway where the code number is:

  • A 1, 2, 3 or 4
  • B 2, 3 or 4 CORRECT
  • C 3 or 4 only

Q17. How many pairs of TDZ markings are required when the landing distance available is 2400 m or more?

  • A 4
  • B 5
  • C 6 CORRECT

Q18. The minimum width of a taxiway centre line marking is:

  • A 15 cm CORRECT
  • B 20 cm
  • C 30 cm

Q19. An isolated aircraft parking position must be located at least how far from other parking positions?

  • A 50 m
  • B 75 m
  • C 100 m CORRECT

Q20. The enhanced taxiway centre line marking shall extend from the runway-holding position Pattern A to a distance of up to how far in the direction of travel away from the runway?

  • A 30 m
  • B 47 m CORRECT
  • C 60 m

Q21. What is the diameter of a VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking circle?

  • A 4 m
  • B 6 m CORRECT
  • C 8 m

Q22. A mandatory instruction marking shall consist of an inscription in:

  • A Black on a yellow background
  • B Yellow on a black background
  • C White on a red background CORRECT

Q23. An information marking that replaces a location sign shall have an inscription in which colour?

  • A Yellow CORRECT
  • B Black
  • C White

Q24. The flash frequency of an aerodrome beacon shall be:

  • A 10 to 20 per minute
  • B 20 to 30 per minute CORRECT
  • C 30 to 60 per minute

Q25. What is the light shown by an aerodrome identification beacon at a land aerodrome?

  • A Flashing white
  • B Flashing green CORRECT
  • C Flashing yellow

Q26. What is the light shown by an aerodrome identification beacon at a water aerodrome?

  • A Flashing green
  • B Flashing yellow CORRECT
  • C Flashing white

Q27. The minimum length of a Simple Approach Lighting System from the threshold is:

  • A 300 m
  • B 420 m CORRECT
  • C 900 m

Q28. The crossbar of a Simple Approach Lighting System is located at what distance from the threshold?

  • A 150 m
  • B 300 m CORRECT
  • C 450 m

Q29. The total length of a CAT I precision approach lighting system from the threshold is:

  • A 420 m
  • B 720 m
  • C 900 m CORRECT

Q30. In the CAT II & III approach lighting system, the side row lights show:

  • A Variable white
  • B Red CORRECT
  • C Alternate red and white

Q31. In a CAT II & III approach lighting system, how far from the threshold do the side rows of lights extend?

  • A 150 m
  • B 300 m
  • C 270 m CORRECT

Q32. The PAPI system consists of how many light units?

  • A Two
  • B Four CORRECT
  • C Six

Q33. In the PAPI system, when on or close to the approach slope, the pilot will see:

  • A All four lights white
  • B Three red and one white
  • C Two nearest runway as red and two farthest from runway as white CORRECT

Q34. When "Too High" in a PAPI approach, the pilot sees:

  • A All four lights white CORRECT
  • B Three white and one red
  • C All four lights red

Q35. When "Too Low" in a PAPI approach, the pilot sees:

  • A All four lights white
  • B Three red and one white
  • C All four lights red CORRECT

Q36. The APAPI system consists of how many light units?

  • A Two CORRECT
  • B Three
  • C Four

Q37. In an APAPI system, when above the approach slope, the pilot sees:

  • A Both units white CORRECT
  • B Both units red
  • C One red and one white

Q38. What colour is an aerodrome beacon at a land aerodrome?

  • A Yellow or yellow/white
  • B Green or green/white CORRECT
  • C White or white/green

Q39. Runway edge lights shall be uniformly spaced at intervals of not more than:

  • A 30 m for instrument runways; 60 m for non-instrument runways
  • B 60 m for instrument runways; 100 m for non-instrument runways CORRECT
  • C 100 m for instrument runways; 150 m for non-instrument runways

Q40. The last 600 m or one-third of runway length (whichever is less) of runway edge lights from the takeoff end may show:

  • A Red
  • B Yellow CORRECT
  • C Alternate red and white

Q41. Runway threshold and wing bar lights shall show which colour?

  • A Fixed green (unidirectional, in the direction of approach) CORRECT
  • B Fixed white
  • C Flashing white

Q42. Runway end lights shall show which colour?

  • A White
  • B Yellow
  • C Red CORRECT

Q43. Runway centre line lights from 900 m to 300 m from the runway end show:

  • A Variable white only
  • B Alternate red and variable white CORRECT
  • C All red

Q44. Taxiway markings and aircraft stand markings are:

  • A Red
  • B Yellow CORRECT
  • C White

Q45. Taxiway edge lights shall be:

  • A Fixed showing green
  • B Fixed showing yellow
  • C Fixed showing blue CORRECT

Q46. Mandatory instruction signs on an aerodrome shall have the following colours:

  • A White inscription on a red background CORRECT
  • B Yellow inscription on a black background
  • C Black inscription on a yellow background

Q47. Which of the following describes a location sign?

  • A Red writing on a white background
  • B Yellow writing on a black background
  • C Black writing on a yellow background CORRECT

Q48. Runway threshold identification lights (RTIL), when provided, should be:

  • A Fixed green
  • B Fixed white
  • C Flashing white (60–120 flashes/minute) CORRECT

Q49. A barrette in a touchdown zone lighting system shall be composed of at least:

  • A Two lights
  • B Three lights CORRECT
  • C Five lights

Q50. Stopway lights shall show which colour in the direction of the runway?

  • A Yellow
  • B Red CORRECT
  • C White

Q51. When a runway threshold is permanently displaced, arrows shall be provided on the portion of the runway before the displaced threshold. All markings before the displaced threshold shall be:

  • A Painted yellow
  • B Obscured (except the runway centre line marking, which shall be converted to arrows) CORRECT
  • C Removed entirely

Q52. Patterns A1 and B1 for runway-holding position markings are no longer valid after:

  • A 26 November 2024
  • B 26 November 2026 CORRECT
  • C 26 November 2028

Q53. The number of stripes on each side of the centre line of a runway which has a width of 45 m is:

  • A 6
  • B 8
  • C 6 (since total is 12, each side has 6) CORRECT

Q54. What is a "barrette"?

  • A Three or more ground lights closely spaced together to appear as a bar of lights CORRECT
  • B A frangible structure on which approach lights are fixed
  • C A CAT 2 or 3 holding position

Q55. The runway centre line marking on an exit taxiway shall consist of lights showing:

  • A All green
  • B Alternate green and yellow (from runway CL to ILS/MLS critical area boundary), then all green CORRECT
  • C All yellow

Q56. The longitudinal spacing of runway centre line lights should not exceed what value for use in RVR conditions less than 350 m on a taxiway?

  • A 30 m
  • B 15 m CORRECT
  • C 7.5 m

Q57. To protect against laser emitters around aerodromes, which of the following zones should be established?

  • A LFFZ only
  • B LFFZ and LCFZ only
  • C LFFZ, LCFZ, and LSFZ CORRECT

Q58. For an instrument runway with code number 4, non-aeronautical lights should be extinguished within how far from the threshold and runway end?

  • A 3000 m
  • B 4500 m CORRECT
  • C 6000 m

Q59. TDZ lights shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway of category:

  • A I, II or III
  • B II or III only CORRECT
  • C I only

Q60. The LDI (Landing Direction Indicator) should be in the form of:

  • A An L-shape
  • B A "T" shape CORRECT
  • C An arrowhead

Chapter 11 — Visual Aids for Navigation  |  DGCA CPL/ATPL Study Notes  |  Capt. Pankaj Pahil

Reference: ICAO Annex 14 · CAR Section-4, Series 'B', Part I Issue II · Effective 01/01/2021

DGCA CPL / ATPL — Chapter 11 | Part 2 of 2

Visual Aids for
Navigation

Part 2 — Signs · Markers · Obstacles · RFF · Declared Distances · FOD
PART K
Aerodrome Signs (Complete)
PART L
Markers (All Types)
PART M
Obstacle Lighting — Full Table
PART N
Restricted Use Areas
PART O
Rescue & Fire Fighting
PART P
Declared Distances · CWY · SWY
PART Q
Wildlife Hazard · FOD Control
PART R
53 MCQs + Official Answer Key
✈ Capt. Pankaj Pahil
Chapter 11 · Part 2 — Visual Aids for Navigation

Signs, Markers, Obstacles, RFF & More

ICAO ANNEX 14 CAR SECTION-4 SERIES B PART I ISSUE II EFFECTIVE 01/01/2021
🪧

Part K — Aerodrome Signs (Complete)

PART K
⛔ Sign Colour Summary — The Master Rule
Sign Colour/Style Quick Reference
27
MANDATORY INSTRUCTION
White on Red
NO
ENTRY
NO ENTRY SIGN
White on Red
A
LOCATION SIGN
Yellow on Black
(Yellow Border)
← G
DIRECTION SIGN
Black on Yellow
← APRON
DESTINATION SIGN
Black on Yellow
VOR
VOR CHECKPOINT
Black on Yellow
AERODROME
NAME
AERODROME ID SIGN
Conspicuous colour
Char height ≥ 3 m
2500m→
INTERSECTION TAKE-OFF
SIGN
Black on Yellow

Information Signs — Detailed Rules

⛔ When Each Information Sign is Mandatory
💡 Destination Sign Recommendation

A destination sign should be provided to indicate the direction to a specific destination on the aerodrome, such as cargo area, general aviation, etc.

Location Sign — Rules

⛔ Mandatory Rules
📘 Appearance

Taxiway Designators — Rules

⛔ Rules for Naming Taxiways

Aerodrome Identification Sign

⛔ Rules

Aircraft Stand Identification Signs

⛔ Appearance

An aircraft stand identification sign shall consist of an inscription in black on a yellow background. An aircraft stand identification marking shall be supplemented with an aircraft stand identification sign where feasible.

Road-Holding Position Sign

⛔ Rules

VOR Aerodrome Checkpoint Sign

⛔ Rules

ARIWS — Advanced Runway Incursion Warning System

📘 Definition & Purpose

ARIWS (Advanced Runway Incursion Warning System) is a system used for warning a pilot about runway incursion in near real time. It is a safety system designed to detect and warn pilots when there is an unauthorised entry onto an active runway, helping prevent runway incursions and collisions.

🔶

Part L — Markers

PART L
⛔ General Rule — All Markers

Markers shall be frangible. Those located near a runway or taxiway shall be sufficiently low to preserve clearance for propellers and for the engine pods of jet aircraft.

Unpaved Runway Edge Markers

⛔ Application

Shall be provided when the extent of an unpaved runway is not clearly indicated by the appearance of its surface compared with the surrounding ground.

Stopway Edge Markers

💡 Recommendation

Should be provided when the extent of a stopway is not clearly indicated by its appearance compared with the surrounding ground. Shall be sufficiently different from runway edge markers to ensure the two types cannot be confused.

Edge Markers for Snow-Covered Runways

💡 Recommendation

Should be used to indicate the usable limits of a snow-covered runway when the limits are not otherwise indicated.

Taxiway Edge Markers

💡 Recommendation

Should be provided on a taxiway where the code number is 1 or 2 and taxiway centre line or edge lights or taxiway centre line markers are not provided.

Unpaved Taxiway Edge Markers

💡 Recommendation

Where the extent of an unpaved taxiway is not clearly indicated by its appearance compared with the surrounding ground, markers should be provided.

Boundary Markers

⛔ Application & Colour

Obstacle Markers

⛔ Rules
🚧

Part M — Obstacle Marking & Lighting (Detailed)

PART M

Colour Rules for Object Marking

⛔ When Objects Are Small (Both Dimensions < 1.5 m)

An object shall be coloured in a single conspicuous colour if its projection on any vertical plane has both dimensions less than 1.5 m. Colour: orange or red, except where such colours merge with background.

⛔ When Objects Are Large (Both Dimensions ≥ 4.5 m)

An object shall be coloured to show a chequered pattern if it has essentially unbroken surfaces and its projection on any vertical plane equals or exceeds 4.5 m in both dimensions. Pattern: rectangles of 1.5 m to 3 m on a side, corners in the darker colour. Colours: orange & white or red & white.

⛔ Mobile Object Markings

Lighting of Objects — Use of Obstacle Lights

⛔ Rules

Low-Intensity Obstacle Lights

⛔ Types and Colours

Medium-Intensity Obstacle Lights

⛔ Types and Spacing

High-Intensity Obstacle Lights

⛔ Type

Wind Turbines

⛔ Rule

A wind turbine shall be marked and/or lighted if it is determined to be an obstacle. When lighting is deemed necessary, medium intensity obstacle lights shall be used.

Characteristics of Obstacle Lights — Complete Table
Light Type Colour Signal Type / Flash Rate Peak Intensity (cd) — Day (>500 cd/m²) Peak Intensity (cd) — Twilight (50–500 cd/m²) Peak Intensity (cd) — Night (<50 cd/m²)
Low Intensity, Type A (fixed obstacle) Red Fixed N/A N/A 10
Low Intensity, Type B (fixed obstacle) Red Fixed N/A N/A 32
Low Intensity, Type C (Mobile obstacle) Yellow / Blue Flashing (60–90 fpm) N/A 40 40
Low Intensity, Type D (Follow Me Vehicle) Yellow Flashing (60–90 fpm) N/A 200 200
Low Intensity, Type E Red Flashing N/A N/A 32
Medium Intensity, Type A White Flashing (20–60 fpm) 20,000 20,000 2,000
Medium Intensity, Type B Red Flashing (20–60 fpm) N/A N/A 2,000
Medium Intensity, Type C Red Fixed N/A N/A 2,000
High Intensity, Type A White Flashing (40–60 fpm) 200,000 20,000 2,000
High Intensity, Type B White Flashing (40–60 fpm) 100,000 20,000 2,000
⛔

Part N — Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas

PART N

Closed Runways and Taxiways, or Parts Thereof

⛔ Mandatory Rules
💡 Recommendation — Temporarily Closed

A closed marking should be displayed on a temporarily closed runway or taxiway or portion thereof, except that such marking may be omitted when the closing is of short duration and adequate warning by air traffic services is provided.

Pre-Threshold Area

⛔ Rules

Unserviceable Areas

⛔ Mandatory Rules
Characteristics
⛔ Markers & Lights
🚒

Part O — Rescue and Fire Fighting (RFF)

PART O
📘 Principal Objective

The principal objective of a rescue and fire fighting service is to save lives in the event of an aircraft accident or incident occurring at, or in the immediate vicinity of, an aerodrome. Rescue and fire fighting equipment and services shall be provided at an aerodrome.

Level of Protection & Aerodrome Category

⛔ How the Aerodrome RFF Category is Determined
Aerodrome Category for RFF — Complete Table
Aerodrome Category Aeroplane Overall Length Maximum Fuselage Width
10 m up to but not including 9 m2 m
29 m up to but not including 12 m2 m
312 m up to but not including 18 m3 m
418 m up to but not including 24 m4 m
524 m up to but not including 28 m4 m
628 m up to but not including 39 m5 m
739 m up to but not including 49 m5 m
849 m up to but not including 61 m7 m
961 m up to but not including 76 m7 m
1076 m up to but not including 90 m8 m
1–3
Light / GA aircraft
<18 m
4–5
Regional jets
18–28 m
6–7
Narrow-body jets
28–49 m
8–9
Wide-body jets
49–76 m
10
A380 class
76–90 m
MAX 8 m FW

Extinguishing Agents

⛔ Rules

Response Times

⛔ Critical Values
3 min
maximum
RFF Response Time
(movement area)
2 min
operational objective
RFF Response Time
(optimum conditions)
700
movements / 3 months
Threshold for category
reduction allowance
1,000 m
from threshold
Emergency access road
provision target

Emergency Access Roads

💡 Recommendation

Emergency access roads should be provided on an aerodrome where terrain conditions permit, so as to facilitate achieving minimum response times. Particular attention should be given to provision of ready access to approach areas up to 1,000 m from the threshold, or at least within the aerodrome boundary.

Fire Stations

💡 Recommendations

Communication and Alerting Systems

💡 Recommendations

Radio Altimeter Operating Area

⛔ Mandatory

A radio altimeter operating area shall be established in the pre-threshold area of a precision approach category II & III runway.

📏

Part P — Declared Distances, Clearway & Stopway

PART P

Declared Distances — Definitions

📘 Four Declared Distances
DISPLACED THRESHOLD → SWY CWY DISPLACED THR RWY END LDA TORA ASDA = TORA + SWY TODA = TORA + CWY
Fig. — Declared Distances: LDA, TORA, ASDA, TODA (with Displaced Threshold, Stopway, Clearway)

Clearway (CWY)

📘 Definition

A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.

Stopway (SWY)

📘 Definition

A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of takeoff run available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned takeoff.

🐦

Part Q — Wildlife Hazard Management & FOD Control

PART Q

Wildlife Hazard Management

⚠️ Hazard Statement

The presence of wildlife (birds and other animals) on and within the aerodrome vicinity may pose a serious hazard to aircraft operational safety. Therefore, to reduce the risk to aviation safety, active assessments, reporting and management of wildlife are necessary.

📘 Wildlife Hazard Management Programme (WHMP)

A WHMP is a method for aerodrome operators to adopt reasonable wildlife risk control measures, in order to prevent wildlife from colliding with aircraft.

Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Control

📘 Definition of FOD

FOD is defined as an inanimate object within the movement area which has no operational or aeronautical functions, and which has the potential to be a hazard to aircraft operations.

⚠️ Sources of FOD

FOD can be generated from:

⛔ Hazard Statement & Action

The presence of FOD on the movement area may pose a significant hazard to the safety of aircraft operations — FOD has the potential to damage aircraft during critical phases of flight, which can lead to catastrophic loss of life and airframe, and increased maintenance and operating costs.

FOD hazards can be reduced through the implementation of an FOD control program, which would normally include FOD prevention, detection, removal and evaluation.

📝

Part R — DGCA Exam MCQ Bank (53 Questions with Answers)

OFFICIAL MCQs
🎓 Official Question Bank — Chapter 11 MCQs

These questions and answers are reproduced directly from the DGCA study material (RK Bali 16th Edition). Correct answers from the official answer key are shown in green.

Q1. Which of the following Annexes to the Chicago convention contains minimum specifications for the design of aerodromes?

  • A Annex 14 CORRECT
  • B Annex 11
  • C Annex 6

Q2. "Clearway" is a defined rectangular area established to:

  • A Reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway
  • B Protect aircraft during take-off or landing operations
  • C Permit aircraft to make a portion of its initial climb to a specific height CORRECT

Q3. The STOPWAY is a defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of take-off run available prepared as a suitable area where:

  • A A landing aircraft can be stopped if overcoming the end of runway
  • B An aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off CORRECT
  • C A landing aircraft can be stopped only in emergency

Q4. "ASDA" (Accelerate Stop Distance Available) is:

  • A The length of the take-off run available plus the length of stopway and clearway (if provided)
  • B The length of the take-off run available plus the length of stopway (if stopway provided) CORRECT
  • C The length of the runway plus the length of stopway available (if stopway provided)

Q5. "Instrument runways" are the following runways intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures:

  • A Non precision approach runways, precision approach runways category I, II and III CORRECT
  • B Instrument approach runways, precision approach runways category I, II and III
  • C Precision approach runways category I, II and III

Q6. "TODA" take-off distance available is:

  • A The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway (if provided) CORRECT
  • B The length of the take-off run available plus the length of stopway and clearway (if provided)
  • C The length of the take-off run plus the length of the stopway

Q7. The light shown by an "Aerodrome Identification Beacon" at a land aerodrome shall be:

  • A White and green colour identification given by Morse Code
  • B Green colour identification given by Morse Code CORRECT
  • C Blue colour identification given by Morse Code

Q8. Taxiway edge lights shall be:

  • A Fixed showing green
  • B Fixed showing yellow
  • C Fixed showing blue CORRECT

Q9. In the case of parallel runways, each runway designation number shall be supplemented:

  • A By a letter — for example 2 parallel runways "L" and "R"; for 3: "L", "C" and "R" CORRECT
  • B By a letter for 2 parallel runways only
  • C By a number like "0" and "01" for 2 parallel runways

Q10. In the "PAPI" system the pilot during an approach will see the two units nearest the runway as red and the two units farthest from the runway as white when:

  • A Above the approach slope
  • B On or close to the approach slope CORRECT
  • C Only on the approach slope

Q11. Runway threshold identification lights, when provided, should be:

  • A Fixed green
  • B Fixed white
  • C Flashing white CORRECT

Q12. What is a "barrette"?

  • A Three or more ground lights closely spaced together to appear as a bar of lights CORRECT
  • B A frangible structure on which approach lights are fixed
  • C A CAT 2 or 3 holding position

Q13. What is the length of an approach lighting system of a precision-approach runway CAT II?

  • A 600 m
  • B 900 m CORRECT
  • C 300 m

Q14. Runway end lights shall be:

  • A Fixed lights showing variable red
  • B Fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway CORRECT
  • C Fixed lights showing variable white

Q15. Aerodrome signs should be in the following configuration:

  • A Mandatory instruction signs, black backgrounds with red inscriptions
  • B Information signs, yellow or black background with black or yellow inscriptions CORRECT
  • C Mandatory instruction signs, red background with black inscriptions

Q16. The "PAPI" shall consist of:

  • A Two wing bars of 4 sharp transition multi-lamp or paired units equally spaced
  • B A wing bar of 4 sharp transition multi-lamp or paired units equally spaced CORRECT
  • C Two wing bars of 6 sharp transition multi-lamp or paired units equally spaced

Q17. Runway threshold lights shall be:

  • A Fixed lights green colours
  • B Fixed lights showing green or white colours
  • C Fixed unidirectional lights showing green in the direction of approach to the runway CORRECT

Q18. Taxiway centreline lights other than an exit taxiway shall be:

  • A Fixed lights showing blue
  • B Fixed lights showing green CORRECT
  • C Fixed lights showing yellow

Q19. How many red lights must a pilot see, whose aircraft, in final approach, is following a normal glide path defined by a PAPI?

  • A 2 CORRECT
  • B None
  • C 3

Q20. Runway edge lights expected in the case of a displaced threshold shall be:

  • A Fixed lights, white or yellow colour
  • B Flashing white
  • C Fixed lights showing variable white CORRECT NOTE: Between runway beginning and displaced threshold, lights show RED in approach direction

Q21. The abbreviation PAPI stands for:

  • A Precision Approach Path Indicator CORRECT
  • B Precision Approach Power Index
  • C Precision Approach Path Index

Q22. High intensity obstacle lights should be:

  • A Flashing red
  • B Flashing white CORRECT
  • C Fixed orange

Q23. Low intensity obstacle lights on mobile objects shall be:

  • A Fixed red or preferably orange
  • B Flashing blue / yellow CORRECT
  • C Flashing red or preferably yellow

Q24. Low intensity obstacle lights on fixed objects shall be:

  • A Flashing red
  • B Fixed red / Flashing Red CORRECT
  • C Fixed red (only)

Q25. The runway edge lights shall be:

  • A Red
  • B White (variable white) CORRECT
  • C Green

Q26. The aerodrome category for rescue and fire fighting is based on:

  • A The over-all length of the longest aeroplane normally using the aerodrome and its maximum fuselage width CORRECT
  • B The over-all length of the longest aeroplane
  • C The longest aeroplane maximum width only

Q27. Regarding declared airfield distances the ASDA is:

  • A The distance from the start of the take-off run to the last point capable of bearing the full weight of the aircraft under normal operating conditions
  • B The distance from the start of the take-off run to the end of the stopway CORRECT
  • C The area beyond the end of the prepared surface only available to aircraft stopping in an emergency

Q28. "A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end of take-off run available prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off" is the definition for:

  • A Runway strip
  • B Runway end safety area
  • C Stopway CORRECT

Q29. Where a parking bay is provided at an aerodrome suitable for the parking of an aircraft which is known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference, what is the minimum distance that this parking bay needs to be separated from any other parking areas, buildings?

  • A 100 m CORRECT
  • B 50 m
  • C 200 m

Q30. Crash/Rescue (emergency) services provision is categorised according to physical characteristics of the type of aeroplane using the aerodrome. Upon what are the categories based?

  • A Overall length and maximum takeoff mass
  • B Overall length and fuselage width CORRECT
  • C Maximum number of passengers on board

Q31. How is a paved pre-threshold area which is greater than 60 m in length but not suitable for any use by aircraft, marked?

  • A By white arrows directing approaching aircraft to the displaced threshold
  • B By a yellow X
  • C By a white X CORRECT

Q32. Which of the following systems describes an abbreviated precision approach path indicator?

  • A Ten light units arranged on one side of the runway in the form of a single wing bar of four light units, with a bisecting longitudinal line of six lights
  • B Twenty light units symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line in the form of two wing bars of four light units each, with bisecting longitudinal lines of six lights
  • C A wing bar of 2 sharp transition multi-lamp units normally located on the left side of the runway unless it is physically impracticable to do so CORRECT

Q33. What colour are emergency vehicles painted that are used on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome?

  • A A single conspicuous colour, preferably red or yellowish green CORRECT
  • B Green
  • C Orange

Q34. Alternate yellow/green centre line lights of a taxiway indicate:

  • A The proximity of a runway
  • B An ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area CORRECT
  • C A stopway

Q35. When taxiing on a surface with white markings, you are rolling on a:

  • A Movement Area
  • B Runway CORRECT
  • C Clearway

Q36. What colour are apron safety line markings?

  • A White
  • B Red
  • C A contrasting colour from the taxiway markings CORRECT In India = RED

Q37. Runway centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable ___ from the threshold to the point 900 m from the runway end, alternate ___ and variable ___ from 900 m to 300 m from runway end, and ___ from 300 m to the runway end.

  • A White, red and white, red CORRECT
  • B White, yellow and white, red
  • C Green, yellow, red

Q38. What colour is an aerodrome beacon at a land aerodrome?

  • A Yellow or yellow/white
  • B Green or green/white
  • C White or white/green CORRECT (per Answer Key) Regulation: Green flashes + White flashes

Q39. Which of the following describes a location sign?

  • A Red writing on a white background
  • B Yellow writing on a black background CORRECT
  • C Black writing on a yellow background

Q40. When on or close to the approach slope, the wing bar of a PAPI shows:

  • A Two red lights and two white lights CORRECT
  • B Four red lights
  • C Three white lights and one red light

Q41. Which of the following is not a mandatory instruction sign?

  • A Taxi-holding position sign
  • B Road holding position sign
  • C Direction sign CORRECT

Q42. The number of stripes on each side of the centre line of a runway which has a width of 45 m is:

  • A 3
  • B 6 CORRECT
  • C 4

Q43. Mandatory instructions signs on an aerodrome shall have the following colours:

  • A White inscription on a red background CORRECT
  • B Yellow inscription on a black background
  • C Black inscription on a yellow background

Q44. Taxiway markings and aircraft stand markings are:

  • A Red
  • B Yellow CORRECT
  • C White

Q45. Taxiway centre line lights other than an exit taxiway shall be:

  • A Fixed lights showing green. CORRECT
  • B Fixed lights showing yellow.
  • C Fixed lights showing blue.

Q46. ARIWS is a system used for:

  • A Warning a pilot about bird activity on take off path
  • B Cautioning a pilot about wind shear on finals in real time
  • C Warning a pilot about runway incursion in near real time CORRECT

Q47. You see a board painted in white with letters in red on taxitrack edge. This board is a:

  • A Information sign
  • B Mandatory instruction sign CORRECT
  • C Holding position sign

Q48. An aiming point marking shall be provided at:

  • A Each approach end of paved instrument runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4 CORRECT
  • B Paved taxy track joining precision approach runway
  • C Paved runways not provided with touch down zone markings

Q49. LFFZ is established around an aerodrome to:

  • A Protect aircraft from low flying aircraft
  • B Protect aircraft from laser emitters CORRECT
  • C Protect aircraft from low flying fighter aircraft in military areas

Q50. VASIS shall be provided to serve the approach to a runway:

  • A Not served by visual approach aids
  • B Not served by non visual approach aids
  • C Whether or not the runway is served by visual approach aids or by non-visual aids, where turbo jet operations take place CORRECT

Q51. Identify the correct Taxiway designator:

  • A I2 (I not allowed)
  • B X1 (X not allowed)
  • C Z2 CORRECT

Q52. Wildlife hazard at aerodromes is caused due to the presence of:

  • A Wild animals.
  • B Animals.
  • C Birds and animals. CORRECT

Q53. Aerodrome Operations Vehicles are considered to be:

  • A FOD.
  • B Flight Operation Hazards.
  • C A possible source of FOD. CORRECT
🔑

Official Answer Key

DGCA SOURCE
✅ Answers — Q1 to Q53 (from Official RK Bali Source)
1
A
2
C
3
B
4
B
5
A
6
A
7
B
8
C
9
A
10
B
11
C
12
A
13
B
14
B
15
B
16
B
17
C
18
B
19
A
20
C
21
A
22
B
23
B
24
B
25
B
26
A
27
B
28
C
29
A
30
B
31
C
32
C
33
A
34
B
35
B
36
C
37
A
38
C
39
B
40
A
41
C
42
B
43
A
44
B
45
A
46
C
47
B
48
A
49
B
50
C
51
C
52
C
53
C
⚡

Final Master Summary — Chapter 11 Key Flashpoints

EXAM ESSENTIALS
⛔ The Complete Colour Code — Commit to Memory
ItemColourType
Runway markingsWhitePainted surface
Taxiway / Aircraft stand / Turn pad markingsYellowPainted surface
Apron safety lines (India)RedPainted surface
Chevron marking (pre-threshold)YellowPainted surface
Runway edge lightsVariable White (Red near displaced thr; Yellow last 600 m / 1/3)Fixed
Runway threshold / wing bar lightsGreen (unidirectional)Fixed
Runway end lightsRedFixed unidirectional
Runway CL lights — normal sectionVariable WhiteFixed
Runway CL lights — 900→300 m from endAlt. Red & Variable WhiteFixed
Runway CL lights — last 300 mRedFixed
TDZ lightsVariable WhiteFixed unidirectional
Stopway lightsRedFixed unidirectional
Taxiway CL lights (regular)GreenFixed
Taxiway CL lights (exit taxiway)Alternate Green & Yellow → GreenFixed
Taxiway edge lightsBlueFixed
Mandatory instruction signWhite on RedSign
Location signYellow on Black (+ yellow border)Sign
Direction / destination signBlack on YellowSign
Aerodrome beacon (land)Green/White flashingLight
Aerodrome beacon (water)Yellow/White flashingLight
PAPI on glide path2 Red + 2 WhiteApproach aid
Low intensity obstacle (fixed)Red (fixed)Obstacle light
Medium intensity obstacle (Type A)White (flashing 20–60 fpm)Obstacle light
High intensity obstacleWhite (flashing 40–60 fpm)Obstacle light

Chapter 11 — Visual Aids for Navigation · Part 2 of 2  |  DGCA CPL/ATPL Study Notes  |  Capt. Pankaj Pahil

Reference: ICAO Annex 14 · CAR Section-4, Series 'B', Part I Issue II · Effective 01/01/2021

Capt. Pankaj Pahil